Deep Principle has released Hydrogen-1.0, an open-weight scientific model for chemistry, materials science and life sciences. It is built by post-training Z.ai’s GLM-5.3 on domain data, laboratory records and agent discovery trajectories. For developers, it offers open weights that report a FrontierScience-Research win over GPT-6-Astra. The weights ship under the MIT License.
TL;DR
- Size: 753B parameters (MoE, ~40B active per the GLM-5.3 base), 1M-token context, 128K max output.
- Runs on: 8 GPUs with SGLang (tested); NVFP4 for NVIDIA B200/B300, MXFP4 for AMD MI350X/MI355X.
- Performance: Beats GPT-6-Astra on FrontierScience-Research; roughly matches Kimi-K3 on GPQA-Diamond.
- Best: 38.3% on FrontierScience-Research vs 33.3% for GPT-6-Astra (self-reported).
- Worst: Trails GPT-6-Astra (max thinking) by 3.33 points on NMR structure elucidation.
What is Hydrogen-1.0?
Hydrogen-1.0 is a scientific research assistant model from Deep Principle, a Hangzhou-based AI-for-materials company. The model card describes it as a GLM-5.3 derivative for scientific problem solving. It targets question framing, experiment planning, results analysis and open-ended discovery. Deep Principle team states that proprietary models produced recent AI science results, but their discovery capabilities are not open. Hydrogen-1.0 is its attempt at a reproducible, inspectable alternative.
How was Hydrogen-1.0 trained?
The pipeline combines supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with reinforcement learning (RL). Data comes from 4 sources:
- Domain knowledge: chemistry, materials science and life sciences data.
- Research scenarios: task-specific feedback from Deep Principle scientists.
- Laboratory records: full-cycle electronic lab notebook records captured through Mira.
- Discovery trajectories: sequences of choices and feedback, including failed attempts.
Infrastructure builds on Megatron and SGLang across NVIDIA CUDA and AMD ROCm. The team keeps dynamic sparse attention causal across context-parallel shards. Muon optimizer state is moved between CPU, GPU and disk per backend. RL uses resumable rollouts, and each token keeps its original behavior log-probability for importance correction. A layout adapter converts training checkpoints into BF16 and 128×128 blockwise FP8 inference weights. Full datasets and recipes are not released.
How does Hydrogen-1.0 perform on benchmarks?
On public benchmarks, Deep Principle reports Hydrogen-1.0 outperforms GPT-6-Astra on FrontierScience-Research. The tweet thread from one of the founders’ report 93.0% on GPQA-Diamond. That improves on GLM-5.3 and roughly matches Kimi-K3, per the blog.
Internal research-task evals compare it with GPT-6-Astra at maximum thinking:
- Scientific computing: Hydrogen-1.0 leads by 5.13 percentage points.
- Forward reaction prediction: Hydrogen-1.0 leads by 4.76 percentage points.
- NMR structure elucidation: GPT-6-Astra leads by 3.33 points.
In transition metal complex design, models chased a larger HOMO-LUMO gap over 5 rounds. By round 5, Hydrogen-1.0 reached a mean best-so-far gap of 4.318 eV. GPT-6-Astra reached 3.689 eV and Kimi-K3 reached 3.353 eV. On 117 experiment-planning questions, Hydrogen-1.0 scored above Kimi-K3. GPT-6-Astra and Opus-5.5 were excluded after refusing more than 50% of requests.